Paul Gilroy Theory

Paul Gilroy's Representation theory (post colonialism) is the idea that colonialism from the 1500s-1900s still exists/is present in the media today.

Definition from OCR:

- The African diaspora caused by the Slave trade has now constructed a transatlantic culture that is simultaneously African, American, Caribbean and British - the 'Black Atlantic'.

- Britain has failed to mourn its loss of empire, creating 'postcolonial melancholia', an attachment to an airbrushed version of British colonial history, which expresses itself in criminalising immigrants and an 'us and them' approach to the world founded on the belief in the inherent superiority of white western civilisation.


Applying the Theory:

News - In both Tabloids and Quality Tabloids (Broadsheets) ethnicity is still commonly portrayed in a contrasting way to how current society expectations would prefer, however opposing colonialism eras, the existing portrayal of ethnic minorities is now more related to the nationality and political whereabouts of the subject rather than their skin colour.
Due to the content being overseen by (mostly) older white males, culture and ethnic origin is still partially portrayed with post colonial stereotypes in mind - allowing Gilroy's theory to be successfully applied.

The Theory is more useful for News than LFTVD (especially set works studied).


LFTVD - Both Stranger Things and Deutschland 83 contain examples of ethnic diversity, however are still dominated by a white cast/character base. This is most likely due to the context of the narrative in the shows (1980s ethnic inequality).
ST character Lucas is one of the only common ethnic diversity representations found within the show - linking to Gilroy's theory as the character is a part of the group of young teenagers that act against Hawkin's norm. Lucas (black) is addressed by the name 'Midnight' by bullies at the school (racially discriminating him) however the other 3 boys in his friendship circle are also attacked verbally and physically, providing a sense of cross-ethnic 'teaming up' which subverts the theory.
In D83, similarly, American General Jackson is the only evident ethnic representation the audience are given. Due to Jackson's powerful status, Gilroy's theory is less useful here than in ST - however the verisimilitude of this situation is accurate as the contextual status of Germany in the 1980s was lacking in ethnic diversity.

Paper 1

Paper 2

D83 - ST LFTVD Essay

Representations of social, cultural and historical events can vary within LFTVD from different countries.

Discuss how and why audiences might respond to and interpret these representations differently.

In your answer you must: 

·         consider the contexts in which long form television dramas are produced and consumed

·         explain how media contexts may have influenced different aspects of realism and audience response in the set episodes of the two long form television dramas you have studied 

·         make judgements and reach conclusions about the differences in realism of social, cultural and historical circumstances between the two set episodes.

Shown by Deutschland 83 and Stranger Things, the representations found and the reactions given from audiences within LFTVD's can differ, determined by the country of release. Two evident representations found in both D83 and ST are 'Gender' and 'Relationships' portraying social and cultural verisimilitude.

Stranger Things, being an American Sci-Fi horror aimed at 15-49 year olds, inhibits historical gender norms yet complies with the stereotypes of age and class within the narrative. As Netflix is regulated by a Dutch based company, the usual standards of OFCOM do not apply to Stranger Things audiences (being a Netflix production). This ultimately affects how audiences will interpret representations found within the show as they contrast to representations found in shows regulated by OFCOM, which oversees a much larger proportion of popular shows aside from Netflix (Channel 4's D83). Due to the ability to binge watch Long Form TV dramas, audiences are more likely and more capable of piecing together the narrative as they are watching a larger portion of the show at once. This means that target audiences in countries that have a lower ease of access to Netflix (for example) may interpret a particular representation differently than those who can instantly watch what happens after the current episode.

Deutschland 83 was originally written by German and American couple Joerg and Anna Winger, resulting in a hybrid like layout of representations within the show. Germany and America held contrasting contextual elements during the set era for the story, yet were both engaged in the nuclear cold war. This leaves audiences with various representations of social and cultural aspects which in turn may have affected the realism to the show and its premiere success. To appeal to target audience, the producers of the show took inspiration for content and episode titles from NATO experts and included cross culture features such as brands, fashion and music to contain a sense of real representations. A good example of a representation that may been viewed differently in different countries within episode 1 of D83 is the scene in which Martin is walking through a supermarket in the West side of the Berlin Wall (as opposed to the East). His reaction is that of surprise at the variety of choice, colours and quantity - to a German viewer, this representation may be very realistic and possibly frowned upon after experiencing the historical period for themselves… however a viewer in America may question this cultural/historical representation as the audience may not have been aware of these conditions.

OFCOM however have no power to issue sanctions or sensor content within Stranger Things as it is overseen by the Dutch Regulator company. This means that the representations found in ST would portray the American point of view from the 1980's, which is commonly the most sought after version and would provide a newer take on the sci-fi thriller genre for England and other major consumer countries for Netflix as it doesn’t abide by the usual OFCOM screenings - resulting in a brand new LFTVD. ST leaves audiences on a cliff-hanger at the end of most episodes - especially episode 1 which doesn’t reveal too much about Will's disappearance but provides enough information for the audience to attach and become familiar with the character and historical representations.

In both TV dramas, it's obvious that audiences from different countries will respond differently to representations made, simply because of the contrasting ways in which media has fed cultural news to them under their set regulations. Furthermore, the viewers of D83 are much more likely to take offence or mis-read the historical and cultural representations made as the story is based upon real historical events, leaving OFCOM to limit the extent of realism - whereas Stranger Things is based purely upon fictional events (inspired by other fictional popularities) leaving it less likely for audiences to respond negatively… whoever the regulator.

LFTVD Industry Notes (Netflix)

1. What happened to Netflix in April 2017
    They reached 100 million subscribers

2. Which companies does Netflix now have more subscribers than?
    Amazon prime and Hulu 

3. How many countries is Netflix available in?
    190

4. Which countries is Netflix not available in and why might this be?
    Crimea, China, North Korea and Syria....

5. Where do half of Netflix's subscribers, 50 million, come from?
    USA

6. When was Netflix founded, who by and where?
    1997 in Scotts Valley California by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph.

7. What did Netflix begin as and how did it change the service?
    A mail order DVD service (deliver to your door).

8. When did Netflix expand into Internet video on demand (VOD)?
    2007

9. What was revolutionary about the way they offered viewing?
    The fact that you could watch an entire season immediately (Binge Watching).

10. How did this new model of viewing (binge-watching) help shows that may have otherwise struggled to be aired?
     The Shows would struggle to consistently gain audiences weekly.

11. What has helped Netflix's growth?
      Improvements in streaming technology and a rise in use of handheld devices. Breaking Bad and Stranger Things (most watched show).

12. What were some of the problems that Netflix had?
      None of the content belonged to Netflix.

13. What was Netflix's solutions to these problems?
      They started creating their own TV shows.

14. What was Netflix's first original show and when was it launched?
      House of Cards in 2013

15. How did House of Cards make history?
      Became the first online only TV series to receive an EMMY nomination.

16. What else did the drama show in terms of cast and crew?
      Starred Kevin Spacey and David Fincher was the director.

17. By 2016, how many original programmes a year was Netflix producing?
      126

18. How many awards have they won?
      147

19. How are competitors trying to address Netflix's place in the market?
      Competitors have developed their own original programme. 

20. How does Netflix plan to stand out from the crowd?
      Double the amount of original programming by 2017 and expanding native language and          unscripted content.




What is Time Shifting and why is it important?

 - Time Shifting is the recording of programming to a storage medium to be viewed or listened to after the live broadcasting. Audiences like it because it enables them to be able to watch whatever they want, whenever they want.

What does the writer prefer to call 'Binge Watching'?

 - Immersive Watching.

Stranger Things LIAR

D83 LIAR

D83 Representation

D83 characters

Deutschland 83 Context

Deutschland 83 Notes

Stranger Things Fan Merchandise

Stranger Things Production Analysis

Who Produced Stranger Things?
21 Laps Entertainment was the company that produced and published Stranger Things, led by Shawn Levy (The Director).

- The Duffer Brothers created the story and narrative.
- They are an American film and TV production company run by Shawn Levy.

How Much did the Drama cost?
Season 1 had a budget of $6million per episode (season 2 increased to $8million).
Above the Line costs - Teenage actors supposedly made $20,000 per episode in season 1.
- The Cast (and some crew) were well known actors from prior hit films in the 1980's, however the younger cast involved were yet to be under the spotlight.

Pre-Production:
Stranger Things is an original story created by Matt and Ross Duffer (along with other co-writers).

Production:
Season 1 was filmed at the beginning of 2016 (finalising by June). It premiered worldwide on Netflix July 15th that year.
Filming took place in Atlanta (Georgia) - majority took place in a town called Jackson. The Duffer brothers handled directing of each episode.
Filming took 6 months with 7 days worth of filming for each episode.

Release dates:
The show was simultaneously released across all Netflix supporting countries on July 15th 2016 - This includes the majority of Europe, America, Australia and some areas of Asia. Each season (1, 2, 3) was released as an 8 episode collection instead of one episode per week. (Netflix original owning all rights to the drama).

- The only platforms with available streaming of the show are Netflix and 'Netflix branded' dvd box sets on Amazon.

- HDR (High Dynamic Range) is used to provide a more immersive experience (4K camera used with 80's lenses/colour grading).

Audience:
Target audience is 18-49 as middle age generations would've grown up during the contextual time period that the show is set in. Younger audiences are commonly attracted to the 1980's time period as a result of society trends.

Advertising
Stranger Things has a box set which is being sold on Amazon for $30.95.
The show is in collaboration with LEGO, NIKE and COKE (along with other leading companies) to produce further merchandise and provide a conglomerate like Stranger Things brand.

Marketing
Marketing campaigns began June 2016 - consisting of trailer and poster releases globally. Social media was crucial to promoting the drama to as many ages within the target audience as possible.

Stranger Things character analysis

Stranger Things S1E1 scene analysis